• The DUAL-PAM-100 excels by its outstanding opto-electronical properties which are based on the use of latest-generation components and precision engineering. System should be able to measure Photosystem -II & I study.
• Dual-PAM-100 has state of art technique to measure chlorophyll fluorescence to analyze photosystem-IIand a dual wavelength absorbance spectrometer to analyze photosystem-I.
• The DUAL-PAM measuring system is available as MODULAR Version (DUAL-PAM-100) and as FIBER Version (DUAL-PAM/F). The DUAL-PAM-100 (MODULAR Version)has light sources and signal detection located in separate measuring heads, the sample is placed between measuring heads, and photosystem I absorption changes are measured in the transmission mode.
• The DUAL-PAM/F (Version, can be used in field) has light sources and signal detection in the central unit, the sample is placed in front of the fiber optics, and photosystem I absorption changes are measured in the remission mode.
• The measuring heads of the MODULAR version can be easily exchanged. Using various accessory modules, the MODULAR VERSION can measure the electronic band shift caused by membrane energization, NADPH fluorescence, fluorescence of pH-sensitive dyes, and fluorescence at two different wavebands.

Key Features/Specification of the DUAL-PAM-100 :

• Red, blue, and far-red actinic light. Saturating single and multiple turnover flashes.
• All light sources can be switched with 2.5 μs time resolution under software control.
• Saturation pulse method for photosystem I analysis.
• Klughammer-Flux method to determine the number of electrons flowing through a PSI reaction center per time.
• Fully programmable using script files. Macro recorder for easy programming of triggered run tables.
• Measuring light: dual-wavelength - 830 nm and 870 nm for Photosystem-I(P700) measurements
• Actinic light: Far-red LED light(720 nm) and Chip-on-board (COB) LED array(635nm) for continuous actinic illumination(maximum 3000 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR).
• Saturating single turnover flashes(maximal 2,00,000 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR with adjustable between 5 and 50 μs.
• Multiple turnover flashes, maximal 30,000 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR, adjustable between 1 and 1000 ms.
• Measuring light: 460 nm/620 nm for Chlorophyll Fluorescence (Photosystem-II) measurements
• Actinic light: Blue (460 nm) LED lamp for continuous actinic illumination, maximum upto 1,100 μmol m-2 s-1. Chip-on-board LED array identical to that of DUAL-E measuring head
• Signal detection: PIN photodiode with special pulse preamplifier for measuring P700 and fluorescence changes with maximal time resolution of 30 μs.
• Measured and calculated parameters: (PS-II): Ft, Fo, Fm, Fv/Fm, Fo’, Fm’, Y-II(Yield of PS-II), qL, qP, qN, NPQ, Y(NPQ), Y(NO) and ETR etc; (PS-I /P700): Pm, Pm’, Ox., Y-I(Yield of PS-I), Y(ND), Y(NA), ETR-II, ETR-I etc.
• Induction/Light Curve, Fast Kinetics (@ linear time scale & long time) (Polyphasic Fluorescence rise).
• System should have option to connect future attachment/accessories like NAPDH, P515/P535, Acridine Orange, Cell Suspension/Cuvette etc.